38 10 490 https://mallhistory.org/files/original/3eb9bd32120d1e3c4593e60d8fdce3dd.jpg 2120285548bc2fa11279a5ba8f9a9e36 Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text Any textual data included in the document. The new year is witnessing the passing of probably the most picturesque and significant physical manifestation of the old slow-going red-brick Washington that is rapidly giving way to the classic white stone national capital that L’Enfant visioned in the early days of the republic. One day soon - plans call for the razing to begin the first of the year - a workman will plunge his pick into the stout masonry of historic Center Market, brickwork whose toughness bears eloquent tribute to the craftsmanship of the builders of more than half a century ago, and the ensuing weeks will see the demise of a community commercial enterprise established by no less a figure than George Washington himself. For almost 130 years Center Market, richly flavored of the Old South, and comparable only with the Old French Market in New Orleans, served as the geographic and gastronomic pivot of a Washington that considered the joys of the table among the foremost delights of life. Around it cluster also memories of almost all the innumerable historic events of which broad Pennsylvania avenue, which it adjoins midway between the Capitol and White House, was the stage. …. In the march of time and the growth of the telephone system of marketing Center Market by no means lost its hold upon housewives in the official, diplomatic and merely social circles of the Capital, and to the very end many there were of high station who did not consider it incongruous to be seen toting a market basket from their car into the fresh-smelling gleaming white stalls of the building. Now, however, with the market officially closed January 1, all must seek another base of supplies, and one of the few remaining links with the old Washington has been broken. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data newspaper Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Market Passes Into History Description An account of the resource <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/32">Center Market </a>was established in the early 1800s and for most of that century served as a central point of commerce, transportation, and entertainment for the city. Toward the end of the century, city officials, private entrepreneurs, and the federal government argued over jurisdiction of the market and whether to relocate it. Many complained that the market was an unsanitary eyesore as marble federal buildings grew up around it. In the early 1930s, the city decided to close and demolish the market to make way for the National Archives. This nostalgic article from the Washington Post describes the market's history. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Washington Post Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1/4/1931 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1920-1949 commerce & trade everyday life ghost mall work & play https://mallhistory.org/files/original/85b433c0ef6866e91942a67e1656ef46.jpg bb2f8d8de063adfcdb2a2e3278d9b898 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Erecting million-dollar bridge in Washington... Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Smith, Roger, photographer Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943 People An individual, biographical data, birth and death, etc. Birth Date 05/04/1888 Birthplace Ottumwa, Iowa Death Date 01/04/1958 Occupation Engineer Biographical Text Archie A. Alexander was born in Iowa, part of a very small African American community. He graduated from the College of Engineering at the University of Iowa in 1912, although his professors warned him that it would difficult for an African American engineer to find work. Alexander had to begin at an entry-level position with the Marsh Engineering Firm but quickly rose to be the engineer in charge of bridge construction. Two years after he was first hired, Alexander left to found his own engineering firm which specialized in bridges and viaducts. In 1929, Alexander took on a junior partner, Maurice A. Repass, who had been a teammate from Alexander's college football days; the firm changed its name to Alexander and Repass. This new partnership undertook projects in almost every state in the union. Alexander was an active member of the Republican party, serving on the Iowa State Republican Committee in the 1930s. In 1954 his political activity led to his appointment as Governor of the Virgin Islands, a position he held until his resignation in August 1955. Upon his death in 1958, Alexander left a trust to establish engineering scholarships at the University of Iowa, Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, and Howard University, each of which was over 100,000 dollars. Bibliography Charles E. Wynes. "Alexander, Archie Alphonso"; <a href="http://www.anb.org/articles/10/10-01909.html">http://www.anb.org/articles/10/10-01909.html</a>; American National Biography Online Feb. 2000. First Name for nav purposes Archie Last Name for nav purposes Alexander Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Archie Alphonso Alexander Description An account of the resource Archie Alexander was an African American engineer from Iowa and the senior partner in the firm Alexander and Repass. In the 1940s, the firm was hired to build a bridge and seawall at the <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/430">Tidal Basin</a>. Alexander spearheaded the project and brought in an integrated construction crew. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. <a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/oem2002007913/PP/">View original photograph</a>. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1920-1949 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Archie Alphonso Alexander building the mall civil rights design & monuments https://mallhistory.org/files/original/c7028706b2f198c65102b1113fc61450.jpg 03a928a03b18b18a4d8c931b30afa748 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 469 Height 700 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lonnie G. Bunch, III, Director, NMAAHC Description An account of the resource Portrait of Lonnie G. Bunch, III, director of the National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC). Bunch was named director of the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture in 2005. He previously worked for the Smithsonian at the National Museum of American History. He holds a B.A., MA and PhD in American and African History from American University Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dorwin, Harold Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_12673?back=%2Fcollections%2Fsearch%3Ffacets%3DMRC_4%26page%3D1%26perpage%3D10%26sort%3Drelevancy%26view%3Dlist Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Smithsonian Institution Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 1, 2006 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource For permission to reproduce or publish, contact osiaref@si.edu or call 202-633-5870. To order reproductions, call 202-633-1933 or contact photos@si.edu People An individual, biographical data, birth and death, etc. Birth Date 11/12/1952 Birthplace Newark, New Jersey Occupation Museum administrator Biographical Text Lonnie G. Bunch III was born in Newark, New Jersey. He was interested in history from an early age. After two years at Howard University, he transferred to American University, where he completed undergraduate and graduate degrees in American and African History. While a graduate student, Bunch interned at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. In 1983 he became the curator and program manager at the California African American Museum, where he organized a number of award-winning exhibitions. Bunch returned to the Smithsonian in 1989, working as a curator in the National Museum of American History until 1994 when he was promoted to Associate Director for Curatorial Affairs, a position he held until 2000. From 2001-2005 he was the President of the Chicago Historical Society. He was named the Director of the National Museum of African American History and Culture in 2005. First Name for nav purposes Lonnie Last Name for nav purposes Bunch III Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Lonnie G. Bunch III Description An account of the resource Lonnie G. Bunch III is the director of the Smithsonian <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/415">National Museum of African American History and Culture</a>. He develops exhibits and public programs and coordinates the museum's mission. Under his leadership, the Museum opened an exhibit in the <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/48">National Museum of American History</a> on the Scurlock Studio, one of the foremost African American photography studios in the nation. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Smithsonian Institution Archives. <a href="http://siris-sihistory.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&profile=all&source=~!sichronology&uri=full=3100001~!12673~!0#focus">View original photograph</a>. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 2000-present Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lonnie G. Bunch III museums work & play https://mallhistory.org/files/original/3192428ec8034a78209c36461f531da4.gif 2229480bc6bf08915a2b1cf2d430d34f People An individual, biographical data, birth and death, etc. Birth Date 10/23/1756 Birthplace Cambridge, England Death Date 07/31/1834 Occupation Author Business Biographical Text Thomas Law was born in England to a prosperous family. His father was the Bishop of Carlisle and one of his brothers was made a Baron. When he was 17, he traveled to India to work as a clerk for the East India Company. He rose through the company and developed an interest in taxation and the ways in which it can be used to benefit both individuals and the government. He returned to England in 1791 due to health problems. In 1794, Law moved to the United States, partly due to his frustration over a dispute with the East India Company. He arrived in New York but quickly moved to Virginia. Two years after he arrived, he married Elizabeth Parke Custis, <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/152">George Washington's</a> step-granddaughter. The couple separated in 1804 and divorced in 1810. Law used much of the fortune he had made in India to buy land and houses in the new federal city of Washington. He advocated for the construction of a canal from the Anacostia River to the Potomac following Goose Creek, authoring a pamphlet in 1804 which argued that the canal would bring trade to the young city. The Englishman also supported the arts in Washington, helping establish the first theatre and a dancing society. He died in 1834, having outlived all but two of his children. First Name for nav purposes Thomas Last Name for nav purposes Law Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Thomas Law Description An account of the resource Thomas Law was a wealthy Englishman who invested financially and ideologically in the development of the new city of Washington. In 1804 he wrote a pamphlet, published anonymously, proposing a canal from the <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/424">Anacostia River to the Potomac</a> following <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/40">Goose Creek</a>, which he thought would encourage trade in the city. He was one of the incorporators of the <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/41">Washington Canal</a> Company. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Papers of George Washington. <a href="http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/documents/george-washington-to-thomas-law/">View original image</a>. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Pre-1800s 1800-1829 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Thomas Law commerce & trade design & monuments ghost mall https://mallhistory.org/files/original/0f397fae1f6e6b9cb371a716f3defa76.jpg e1a04bd471483f357d7806f8a790358b Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 1024 Height 713 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ripley at the 1974 Festival of American Folklife Description An account of the resource Secretary S. Dillon Ripley at the 1974 Festival of American Folklife riding a scooter. Ripley is in the Mississippi section of the festival with the quarter-acre cotton field planted for the festival, background. Farther in the background the Washington Monument is visible Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_10684?back=%2Fcollections%2Fsearch%3Fonline%3Dtrue%26facets%3DSEC_8%26page%3D7%26perpage%3D10%26sort%3Drelevancy%26view%3Dlist Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Smithsonian Institution Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource For permission to reproduce or publish, contact osiaref@si.edu or call 202-633-5870. To order reproductions, call 202-633-1933 or contact photos@si.edu https://mallhistory.org/files/original/d1c56c3ef96fcd5b0eecc0519c5803cf.jpg 3250db71de6bc8699fa20dff1941bbbe Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 683 Height 1024 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource S. Dillon Ripley Standing in Parlor Subject The topic of the resource Ripley, Sidney Dillon 1913-, Smithsonian Institution Building (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource S. Dillon Ripley, eighth Smithsonian Secretary (1964-1984), standing in the Secretary's Parlor in the Smithsonian Institution Building in front of the portrait of Joseph Henry, first Secretary of the Smithsonian (1846-1878) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Phillips, Charles Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_8246 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource For permission to reproduce or publish, contact osiaref@si.edu or call 202-633-5870. To order reproductions, call 202-633-1933 or contact photos@si.edu People An individual, biographical data, birth and death, etc. Birth Date 09/20/1913 Birthplace New York, New York Death Date 03/12/2001 Occupation Museum administrator Scientist Biographical Text S. Dillon Ripley was born in New York City in 1913. When he was 13 he traveled to India with his sister and took a walking tour which led to a lifelong interest in the birds of the Indian subcontinent. He joined the American Ornithologists' Union in 1938 and completed a PhD in Zoology at Harvard in 1943. He briefly worked with the Smithsonian Institution at the National Museum as an assistant curator of birds in the early 1940s, but enlisted to serve in the Office of Strategic Services during World War II. His intelligence work took him to India, Thailand, and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). Although many intelligence officers posed as scientists to gain access to restricted areas, Ripley actually conducted birding expeditions while gathering intelligence. After the war, Ripley became a professor at Yale as well as the director of Yale's Peabody Museum of Natural History. He was elected the eighth Secretary of the Smithsonian in 1964. During his tenure, Ripley worked to invigorate and expand the Institution. A number of new museums were added, including Anacostia Neighborhood Museum, the <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/269">National Air and Space Museum</a>, the Renwick Gallery, the National Portrait Gallery, the National Collection of Fine Arts, the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, the <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/54">Arthur M. Sackler Gallery</a>, the National Museum of African Art, and the <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/50">Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden</a>. He helped to establish the annual <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/214">Folklife Festival in 1967</a> and Smithsonian Magazine in 1970. Ripley also made the museums more accessible to children, both inside and outside the museums; the carousel and Uncle Beazely, a fiberglass triceratops, were installed on the Mall while Ripley was Secretary. As the National Mall became the site of many protests, Secretary Ripley welcomed the protesters into the museums. He also took on controversy within the museums, defending an exhibit on evolution in the Museum of Natural History when a lawsuit challenged its opening. Ripley was awarded the Medal of Freedom in 1985. One of the buildings on the Mall is named for him, the S. Dillon Ripley Center, which houses offices, a gallery, a conference center, and classrooms. He died in 2001 at the age of 87. Bibliography <a href="http://siarchives.si.edu/history/s-dillon-ripley">S. Dillon Ripley, 1913-2001</a>. Smithsonian Institution Archives. First Name for nav purposes Sidney Last Name for nav purposes Ripley Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sidney Dillon Ripley Description An account of the resource S. Dillon Ripley was the eighth Secretary of the Smithsonian, serving from 1964-1984. Under his leadership, the Smithsonian Institution expanded and revitalized. Ripley believed museums should be vital sites of learning and engagement, actively involving the public. He also encouraged expanding the Institution's research agenda through a number of initiatives, including the establishment of the Conservation Biology Institute of the National Zoo. The <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/214">first annual Folklife Festival</a>, a showcase of living history and culture held on the National Mall, was organized with his full support. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950-1979 1980-1999 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Smithsonian Institution Archives. <a href="http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_10684?back=%2Fcollections%2Fsearch%3Fonline%3Dtrue%26facets%3DSEC_8%26page%3D7%26perpage%3D10%26sort%3Drelevancy%26view%3Dlist">View original photograph</a>. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sidney Dillon Ripley building the mall museums work & play https://mallhistory.org/files/original/bd351e8948345b4ee568a59bef57c042.jpg c87c290e48dd5745456611c74e731beb Place Important spaces on the mall (See the "Places" writeboard in basecamp.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Monuments Physical Description Text describing the appearance of the place and its situation on the Mall. A tall granite pillar with a figure representing Victory at the top. Bronze plates list the names of 5,599 men of the First Division killed in World War I. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource First Division Monument Description An account of the resource The First Division Monument, funded by the Society of the First Division, was first created to remember First Division soldiers who died while serving in World War I. The Monument, designed by Cass Gilbert and <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/501">Daniel Chester French</a>, was dedicated in 1924. Since then, additions to the monument have been built to commemorate service in World War II, Vietnam War, and Desert Storm. Cass Gilbert Jr., son of the original sculptor, designed the World War II addition. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. <a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/thc/item/thc1995013277/pp/">View original</a>. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1924 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1920-1949 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cass Gilbert Cass Gilbert Jr Daniel Chester French design & monuments military history https://mallhistory.org/files/original/76b599e0eee7109b3659ef23390b8eaf.jpg a7875480468c02fb998017425ecfdba8 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 563 Height 586 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Current source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daniel_Burnham.jpg This image in better quality is available from Library of Congress but not online. People An individual, biographical data, birth and death, etc. Birth Date 09/04/1846 Birthplace Henderson, New York Death Date 06/01/1912 Occupation Architect Biographical Text Daniel Burnham trained as an architect and in 1873 established his own firm with a partner, John W. Root. Their firm designed homes and public buildings, and became known for its high rise buildings, including one of the first American skyscrapers. Beginning in 1890, Burnham and Root became deeply involved in the planning and development for World's Columbian Exposition, also known as the Chicago World's Fair, which was to be held in 1893. Burnham was made the chief of construction and orchestrated much of the construction and design of the Exposition, especially after Root died in 1891. He brought in a number of prominent architects and designers, and the Exposition was a tremendous success. After he was appointed Chairman of the Senate Park Commission, Burnham selected <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/116">Charles McKim </a>and <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/146">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a> to join the commission; both men had worked with Burnham on the Columbian Exposition. Following his work on the Senate Park Commission, Burnham worked on city design, becoming a major proponent of the "City Beautiful Movement." President Taft appointed him the chairman of the US Commission of Fine Arts in 1910, a group whose purpose was to advise the federal government on arts issues. Burnham died in 1912 in Germany during his seventh tour of Europe. First Name for nav purposes Daniel Last Name for nav purposes Burnham Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Daniel Hudson Burnham Description An account of the resource Architect Daniel Burnham was the Chairman of the <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/179">Senate Park Commission</a>, which created a comprehensive redesign of the National Mall and DC parks system in the early 1900s. At that time, he was also working for the Pennsylvania Railroad to design a new station. Burnham helped convince the Railroad to relocate their station from the Mall to a nearby site; the building he designed on that site is Union Station. In 1910, President Taft appointed Burnham Chairman of the US Commission on Fine Arts, which advised the Federal Government on the location and design of monuments like the <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/33">Lincoln Memorial</a>. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. <a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2005690055/">View original photograph</a>. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1890-1919 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Daniel Hudson Burnham building the mall design & monuments https://mallhistory.org/files/original/450b68b0365f3dc449a9719c897866b3.jpg 0a6893536c6b957226007b3379d085b9 People An individual, biographical data, birth and death, etc. Birth Date 06/11/1880 Birthplace Missoula County, Montana Death Date 05/18/1973 Biographical Text Jeannette Rankin was born near Missoula, Montana in 1880. After college Rankin worked as a social worker, reformer, pacifist, and activist for women's suffrage. She was the first woman elected to the U.S. Congress, from her home state in 1916. A year later, she earned a second distinction by joining 49 of her House colleagues in voting against U.S. entry into World War I. That vote destroyed her prospects for reelection in 1918. She served as an officer of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom during the early 1920s and, as a lobbyist for the Women's Peace Union, which campaigned to outlaw war. Rankin became a part-time resident of Georgia where she founded the Georgia Peace Society in 1928. The following year she joined the National Council for the Prevention of War as its chief Washington lobbyist and field organizer. In 1940, riding a tide of isolationism, Rankin won her second term in the House. The December 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor put an end to US isolationism, but Rankin remained true to her anti-war beliefs. She was the only member of Congress to vote against declaring war on Japan. She captured the attention of the public for the last time in 1968 by leading the Jeannette Rankin Brigade, some 5,000 feminists, pacifists, radicals, students, and others, to the Capitol to demonstrate against the Vietnam War. First Name for nav purposes Jeannette Last Name for nav purposes Rankin Occupation Politician Activist Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jeannette Rankin Description An account of the resource Jeanette Rankin was the first woman member of Congress. Rankin served two nonconsecutive terms in 1916 and again in 1940, giving her the unique ability to vote against US entry into war for both World War I and World War II. Rankin continued her activism for women's rights and pacifism for her entire life. In 1968, at age 87, Rankin led a march on Washington of women's peace organizations who protested US involvement in the Vietnam War. Five thousand women descended on the National Mall, voicing their protest on the opening day of the 1968 Congressional session. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1890-1919 1920-1949 1950-1979 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. <a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/cph/item/2004672791/">View original image</a>. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jeannette Rankin military history politics & protest work & play https://mallhistory.org/files/original/8c9a95eb2c4b2705b983f376e74d49cb.jpg 123b364a5602a1eca44fb2c6648f64d2 People An individual, biographical data, birth and death, etc. Birth Date 03/17/1912 Birthplace West Chester, Pennsylvania Death Date 08/24/1987 Occupation Activist Biographical Text Born in West Chester, Pennsylvania in 1912, Bayard Rustin was raised by his grandparents. He attended the African Methodist Episcopal Church with his grandfather and Quaker Meeting with his grandmother. Rustin's grandparents were active members of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), which meant that as a child Rustin met civil rights activists and advocates, including W.E.B. Du Bois. After taking classes at both Wilberforce University in Ohio and Cheyney State Teachers College in Pennsylvania, Rustin moved to New York’s Harlem neighborhood and earned money as a singer. He studied at the City College of New York and by the late 1930s, he joined the Young Communist League because of the Party’s commitment to civil rights for African Americans. Rustin left the Communist Party following the outbreak of World War II and shifted his political activity to the Socialist Party where he met <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/97">A. Philip Randolph</a>. In 1941, Randolph and Rustin led an effort to <a href="http://mallhistory.org/explorations/show/cancelled-march">march on Washington</a> in protest of racial discrimination in the defense industry. Randolph cancelled the march after President Frankin D. Roosevelt signed <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/328">Executive Order 8802</a> requiring equal access to federally-funded defense jobs. In 1942, Rustin advised James L. Farmer, Jr, George Houser, and Bernice Fisher, as they founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). As a pacifist, Rustin opposed World War II and never registered for the draft. He was arrested in 1944 for violating the Selective Service Act and served 28 months in prison. After his release in 1946, Rustin continued to work for racial justice while practicing nonviolent civil resistance. He participated in a 1947 effort to integrate public transportation in the United States, travelled to India in 1948 from associates of Mahatma Gandhi's techniques in non-violence resistance. In 1953, he was arrested in California for homosexual activity. At the time, homosexuality was illegal in many US states. Rustin was not outspoken about his sexuality, but he also never denied that he was homosexual in order to avoid prosecution. This arrest as well as his brief membership in the Communist Party were often used to discredit him, his work, and his causes. Concerns about Rustin's vulnerability to criticism meant that other civil rights leaders often wanted his involvement in specific actions to be anonymous. For example, although he was instrumental in organizing the <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/190">1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a>, some of the March's leaders said that he should not receive any public credit for his work in case it endangered the March. Rustin founded the A. Philip Randolph Institute in 1965, which guided the AFL-CIO in its work on civil rights and economic justice. He continued to work for economic justice and African American civil rights during the 1960s and 1970s. He also became active in the movement for gay and lesbian rights. A lifelong pacifist, he opposed the war in Vietnam. He died in 1987, survived by his longtime partner Walter Naegle. In 2013, Naegle accepted the Presidential Medal of Freedom given posthumously to Rustin for a lifetime of fighting for human rights and peace in the US and internationally First Name for nav purposes Bayard Last Name for nav purposes Rustin Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bayard Rustin Description An account of the resource Rustin was a crucial force driving civil rights activism, especially in organizing protests on the National Mall. The first March on Washington movement emerged in <a href="http://mallhistory.org/explorations/show/cancelled-march">1941</a> when African American activists, including Rustin, successfully pressured President Franklin D. Roosevelt to end racial discrimination in federal hiring. By threatening to march in Washington during World War II, Rustin and his colleagues changed federal policy without needing to march. In 1963, Rustin was a pivotal organizer for the <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/190">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a>. Rustin remained behind the scenes during the event on the Mall, but he was recognized as co-organizer with <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/97">A. Philip Randolph</a> on the cover of LIFE Magazine. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950-1979 1920-1949 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. <a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/cph/item/2003688133/">View original photograph</a>. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bayard Rustin civil rights politics & protest https://mallhistory.org/files/original/d8e8e37dc8b5821b825a45e9f2de57d1.jpg 31b5842531ab4443b79f90b806c9e2bf Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 700 Height 514 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC String byline:LBJ Library photo by Yoichi Okam object_name:W409-27 IPTC Array a:2:{s:6:"byline";s:32:"LBJ Library photo by Yoichi Okam";s:11:"object_name";s:7:"W409-27";} Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitney Young at White House, January 18, 1964 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Whitney_Young_at_White_House,_January_18,_1964.jpg Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Wikimedia Commons Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 18, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain People An individual, biographical data, birth and death, etc. Birth Date 07/31/1921 Birthplace Lincoln Ridge, Kentucky Death Date 03/11/1971 Occupation Activist Biographical Text Whitney Moore Young Jr. was born in 1921 in Kentucky. His father, the senior Whitney Young, was president of Lincoln Institute, a private African American college. He graduated from Kentucky State Industrial College at Frankfort in 1941 with a degree in social work. After a brief period as an assistant principal at a high school, he enlisted in the US Army in 1942. Young was a member of the 369th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Group, an all-black unit. His experiences in the segregated army inspired him to turn his attention to issues of racial justice. After the war, he earned a masters degree in social work from the University of Minnesota in 1948. Immediately after graduating, Young began work with the National Urban League, (NUL), a community-based organization which emphasizes economic opportunity and civil rights. By 1950, he was the president of Omaha, Nebraska, chapter of the NUL. Young moved to Atlanta in 1954 to become dean of the School of Social Work at Atlanta University. In January 1961, Young was appointed the executive director of NUL. It was in this capacity that he became involved in the <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/190">1963 March on Washington</a>, acting as one of the six leaders of the march. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969 by President Lyndon Johnson. Young died in 1971 while in Nigeria attending a conference on relations between the United States and Africa. President Richard Nixon delivered the eulogy at his funeral. First Name for nav purposes Whitney Last Name for nav purposes Young Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitney Moore Young Jr. Description An account of the resource From 1961 to 1971, Whitney Young was the Executive Director of the National Urban League (NUL), a civil rights organization which emphasizes economic parity and self-reliance. In March 1963, <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/97">A. Philip Randolph</a> asked Young and the NUL to participate in a proposed <a href="http://mallhistory.org/items/show/190">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a> to be held in August. Young agreed and became one of the organizers of the March, known as the Big Six. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1950-1979 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Wikimedia Commons. <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Whitney_Young_at_White_House,_January_18,_1964.jpg">View original photograph</a>. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Whitney Moore Young Jr. civil rights politics & protest